Turn a reading into bolded bullet-point study notes

- **Manuscript culture** — before the mid-fifteenth century, European books were copied by hand, usually by **scribes** working in monasteries - a single copy of a long work could occupy a scribe the better part of a year - **Gutenberg's synthesis**, c. 1450 — not one invention but three existing things combined into a single system: - **movable metal type** - **oil-based ink** - a **press** adapted from wine production - **Central effect** — identical copies of a text could now be produced quickly and in quantity; the shift is from *copying* to *reproduction* - **Diffusion** — within fifty years, printing shops had appeared in most large European cities - **Economic consequence** — the price of a book fell sharply - **Causation is contested** — historians disagree about how far the press *caused* the religious and scientific upheavals that followed; the passage claims only that it made them easier to **spread**. Do not report the stronger causal claim as settled. - **Not stated in the source** — the number of print shops or their locations; typical print-run sizes; how far the price of a book fell, or from what; literacy rates before or after; which specific religious and scientific upheavals are meant; any named historians on either side of the disagreement.